Polar coordinate system ↩

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created: 2021-10-20 10:54:46
modified: 2022-01-10 04:13:03

Converting between polar and Cartesian coordinates

To Cartesian:

To polar:

or

Considerations for integrals

The Jacobian determinant is just .
An area element in polar coordinates:

Unit vectors

The radial direction:

Perpendicular to the radial direction:

Time derivatives